Hypertension is often called “the silent killer” because generally it has no any symptoms until major complications develop (Sumaira & Uzma & Asma 2023). It is a chronic condition in which the pressure of blood against the arterial walls remains consistently elevated over time (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). Blood pressure represents the force generated as the heart pumps blood throughout the body and is expressed using two values: systolic pressure, which occurs when the heart contracts, and diastolic pressure, measured when the heart relaxes between beats (American Heart Association [AHA], 2022). A normal blood pressure reading is typically around 120/80 mmHg, whereas hypertension is diagnosed when an individual consistently records measurements above 130/80 mmHg (AHA, 2022). Hypertension elevates the risk of cardiovascular complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, and other life-threatening conditions (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023).
Causes of High Blood Pressure
Several factors contribute to high blood pressure. Primary hypertension, the most common form, develops gradually due to genetics, aging, or unhealthy lifestyle habits. Primary hypertension develops gradually and is mainly influenced by genetics, aging, and unhealthy lifestyle habits. Factors such as obesity, where an increased Body Mass Index (BMI) significantly raises hypertension risk (Sumaira, Uzma & Asma 2023). According to Sumaira, Uzma & Asma (2023) tobacco users also damages artery walls and excessive alcohol consumption, which is linked to essential hypertension, all contribute to its development. Additional other lifestyle and environmental influences, including high salt intake, physical inactivity, stress, and poor dietary choices, also elevate blood pressure.
In contrast, secondary hypertension results from identifiable underlying conditions such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or the use of certain medications (Sumaira, Uzma & Asma 2023).
Does High Blood Pressure has a Target age Group?
No, hypertension can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, or background, research indicates that certain groups are at a higher risk due to biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023). Understanding these target groups is essential for effective prevention, early diagnosis, and management of the condition.
Age as a Major Risk Factor
One of the most significant predictors of high blood pressure is age. As individuals grow older, the elasticity of the arteries naturally decreases, leading to stiffer blood vessels that increase systolic pressure (Mayo Clinic, 2022). The World Health Organization (2023) reports that adults over the age of 60 are more likely to experience hypertension than younger individuals. This rise in blood pressure is largely attributed to cumulative exposure to unhealthy lifestyle factors and age-related changes in the vascular system. Although hypertension may also occur among younger populations, its prevalence sharply increases with age, making older adults a key target group for prevention and management programs.
Genetic and Family History Factors
Genetic predisposition plays an important role in determining an individual’s likelihood of developing hypertension. People with a family history of high blood pressure are at greater risk due to inherited traits that influence how the kidneys regulate salt and water balance, vascular tone, and arterial stiffness (Carretero & Oparil, 2000). Studies show that when both parents have hypertension, their children have a significantly higher chance of developing the condition. While genetics alone cannot fully explain hypertension, it interacts with environmental and lifestyle factors to increase susceptibility among certain families and ethnic populations (Carretero & Oparil 2000).
Lifestyle and Behavioural Factors
Lifestyle choices significantly affect blood pressure levels, creating another identifiable target group — individuals leading sedentary or unhealthy lifestyles. Poor diet, particularly one high in sodium and saturated fats, contributes to arterial stiffness and fluid retention, which increase blood pressure (American Heart Association [AHA], 2023). Lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, smoking, and chronic stress further elevate the risk. Urban populations, where processed foods and sedentary habits are more common, tend to experience higher hypertension rates compared to rural communities (WHO, 2023). Therefore, lifestyle-related hypertension is preventable through behavior change, education, and community-based interventions promoting healthier habits.
Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors
Socioeconomic status strongly affects an individual’s vulnerability to hypertension. People from low-income backgrounds often face challenges such as poor nutrition, high stress levels, and limited access to healthcare and health education. These factors contribute to a higher prevalence of hypertension in disadvantaged communities (WHO, 2023). Additionally, individuals living in urban environments are frequently exposed to high levels of pollution, processed foods, and sedentary occupations, further increasing their risk. Addressing these social determinants is critical for reducing hypertension disparities across different population groups.
Race and Ethnicity
Racial and ethnic differences are another important consideration when identifying target groups. People of African descent are at particularly high risk of developing hypertension earlier and experiencing more severe complications such as heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke (Carretero & Oparil, 2000). This heightened susceptibility has been linked to genetic factors affecting salt sensitivity and blood vessel regulation, as well as socioeconomic disparities that influence access to quality healthcare. Carretero & Oparil, 2000 stated that other minority groups may also face higher risks depending on lifestyle patterns, dietary habits, and healthcare access. Understanding these differences is crucial for designing culturally appropriate public health interventions.
Foods to Avoid to Prevent or Reduce High Blood Pressure
Managing high blood pressure often requires dietary modifications. High-sodium foods, including processed snacks, canned soups, fast food, and salted meats, can elevate blood pressure by increasing fluid retention and vascular resistance (American Heart Association [AHA], 2023; He & MacGregor, 2010). Foods high in saturated fats, such as fatty cuts of meat, full-fat dairy, and fried foods, contribute to arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease (Sacks et al., 2017). Sugary foods and beverages, including sweets, sodas, and desserts, may indirectly affect blood pressure by promoting obesity and metabolic dysfunction (Malik et al., 2010). Alcohol should be limited, as excessive intake can raise blood pressure and weaken heart function (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023). A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy is widely recommended to maintain healthy blood pressure levels, consistent with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) guidelines (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2022).
Role of Hibiscus in Managing High Blood Pressure
Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as roselle, is a flowering plant whose calyces are often brewed into a tart, red infusion called hibiscus tea. Several studies indicate that hibiscus possesses notable antihypertensive properties, particularly for individuals with mild to moderate hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that regular consumption of hibiscus tea significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with placebo (Hopkins, Lamm, Funk, & Ritenbaugh, 2013). Similarly, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults reported a reduction in systolic blood pressure by approximately 7.2 mmHg after six weeks of daily hibiscus tea consumption (McKay & Blumberg, 2007).
The bioactive compounds in hibiscus, including anthocyanins, phenolics, and other antioxidants, are believed to promote vasorelaxation, improve endothelial function, and reduce oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system (Lin, Chen, Chang, & Wang, 2022). Additionally, some evidence suggests that hibiscus extract can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation, producing effects similar to mild ACE-inhibitor medications (Hopkins, Lamm, & Funk, 2007). Hibiscus may also act as a mild diuretic, facilitating the elimination of excess sodium and fluids, which helps reduce blood volume and blood pressure (Da-Costa-Rocha, Bonnlaender, Sievers, Pischel, & Heinrich, 2014).
Collectively, these mechanisms make hibiscus tea a promising natural adjunct to lifestyle-based hypertension management, although further long-term and large-scale studies are warranted to establish optimal dosing, duration, and safety (Hopkins et al., 2013).
Preparation and Consumption
Hibiscus tea is usually prepared by steeping dried hibiscus calyces in hot water for 5–10 minutes. It can be consumed hot or cold and may be sweetened lightly with natural sweeteners such as honey if desired. Regular consumption, combined with a healthy lifestyle, can contribute to better blood pressure management. It is important to note that hibiscus should be used as a complementary approach and not as a replacement for prescribed antihypertensive medication without medical supervision.
Safety Precautions When Using Hibiscus
Although hibiscus is generally safe for most people, there are precautions to consider. Excessive consumption can lead to low blood pressure (hypotension) in individuals already taking antihypertensive medication, potentially causing dizziness or fainting (McKay & Blumberg, 2007; Lin, Chen, Chang, & Wang, 2022). Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before using hibiscus, as its effects during pregnancy are not fully understood (Da-Costa-Rocha, Bonnlaender, Sievers, Pischel, & Heinrich, 2014). People with diabetes should monitor blood sugar levels closely, as hibiscus may influence glucose metabolism (Lin et al., 2022). Allergic reactions are rare but possible, and hibiscus can interact with certain medications, including diuretics and blood thinners (Hopkins, Lamm, & Funk, 2007). To maximize safety, it is recommended to consume hibiscus tea in moderation, typically one to two cups daily, and to discuss its use with a healthcare provider, especially for those with existing medical conditions or on prescription medication (McKay & Blumberg, 2007; Da-Costa-Rocha et al., 2014).
In conclusion, high blood pressure is a prevalent condition that poses serious health risks if left unmanaged. While lifestyle modifications, such as a balanced diet and regular exercise, are foundational in managing hypertension, natural remedies like hibiscus offer additional support. Hibiscus tea, with its antioxidant and diuretic properties, has been shown to help reduce blood pressure in some individuals. However, it should be used responsibly and in consultation with healthcare professionals to avoid potential adverse effects. Incorporating hibiscus into a heart-healthy lifestyle, along with avoiding high-sodium, high-fat, and sugary foods, can contribute to better blood pressure control and overall cardiovascular health.
References
- American Heart Association. (2023). Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org
- Carretero, O. A., & Oparil, S. (2000). Essential hypertension: Part I: Definition and etiology. Circulation, 101(3), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.329
- Da-Costa-Rocha, I., Bonnlaender, B., Sievers, H., Pischel, I., & Heinrich, M. (2014). Hibiscus sabdariffa L.—A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chemistry, 165, 424–443. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23333908/
- Herrera-Arellano, A., et al. (2007). Clinical study of the antihypertensive effect of hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with hypertension. Phytomedicine, 14(5), 324–328.
- He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2010). Reducing population salt intake worldwide: From evidence to implementation. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 52(5), 363–382.
- Hopkins, A. L., Lamm, M. G., Funk, J. L., & Ritenbaugh, C. (2013). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review. Phytotherapy Research, 27(3), 309–314.
- Hopkins, A. L., Lamm, M. G., & Funk, J. L. (2007). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. aqueous extract inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(2), 311–314. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17315307/
- Lin, T., Chen, W., Chang, C., & Wang, C. (2022). Hibiscus sabdariffa and cardiovascular health: A review of pharmacological mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals, 15(4), 464. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/464
- Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J.-P., & Hu, F. B. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 33(11), 2477–2483.
- Mayo Clinic. (2022). High blood pressure (hypertension). https://www.mayoclinic.org
- McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2007). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. Journal of Nutrition, 137(2), 399–404.
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022). DASH eating plan. NHLBI.
- Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H. Y., et al. (2017). Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: A presidential advisory. Circulation, 136(3), e1–e23.
- Sumaira M, Uzma R & Asma N (2023). Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention: Hypertension: Treatment and Prevention. Pakistan BioMedical Journal.
- World Health Organization. (2023). Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
